THE SKIN
1. What
are the two major layers of the skin?
A. Stratum germinativum
B. Stratum corneum
C. Dermis
D. Epidermis
2. Skin
cells contain a protein called keratin. In what other structures can this be found?
A. Hair
B. Sweat glands
C. Nails
E. Sebaceous glands
3.
Functions of the skin include:
A. Excretion of excess salts, water and urea from the body.
B. Temperature regulation.
C. Maintenance of body shape.
D. Protection against excessive loss of water from the body by
evaporation.
4. What
structures make up the dermis?
A. Collagen
B. Elastin
C. Sensory receptors
D. Stratum corneum
5. What
is elastin?
A. A protein that provides strength to the skin
B. A protein in the epidermis that prevents water loss
C. A protein in the dermis that gives the skin its flexibility
D. A layer of the epidermis
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PAIN
1. Which
structures comprise the central nervous system?
A. Brain
B. Spinal cord
C. Peripheral nerves
2. Where do sensory receptors transmit messages?
A. Nociceptors
B. Along efferent nerves
C. To the central nervous system
D. Motor neurones
3. Which of the following statements are true?
A. Nociceptors are evenly distributed throughout the body
B. There are many nociceptors in visceral organs and deep tissue
C. Nociceptors are abundant in the superficial portions of the skin
4. Which of the following is released from a damaged cell
membrane into the interstitial fluid?
A. Prostaglandins.
B. Arachidonic acid.
C. Cyclo-oxygenase.
5. What is the action of prostaglandins on nociceptors?
A. Depolarisation
B. Repolarisation
C. Stimulation
D. Desensitisation
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Which
of the following statements are true?
A. The tunical media is very thick in arteries.
B. The tunica media is very thick in veins.
C. The tunica externa in veins is is generally thicker than the tunica
media.
D. Veins have loose, slack walls as the blood inside is under very
little pressure.
2. What are the mechanisms involved in the return of venous
blood to the heart?
A. The venous pump
B. Peripheral resistance
C. Respiratory pump
D. Venous valves
3. With regards to the venous pump
A. Calf muscles contract and compress the nearby blood vessels
propelling blood towards the heart.
B. If this system fails to work effectively, the high pressure in the
deep veins, is transmitted to the much weaker,
unsupported superficial veins.
C. During exhalation, the internal pressure in the thoracic cavity
rises. Air is forced out of the lungs, and venous
blood pushed into the right atrium.
4. Which of the following statements are true?
A. Venous valves point in the opposite direction to blood flow.
B. Venous valves are folds of tissue formed from the endothelial lining
of the tunica intima.
C. In the absence of valves, pooling of blood in the leg veins would
occur.
E. During movement, smooth muscles surrounding veins squeeze the blood
towards the heart.
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THE URINARY SYSTEM
1. Urine
is conducted to the exterior of the body via the
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Urogenital diaphragm
2. With regards to the bladder
A. The walls contains layers of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
forming the detrusor muscle.
B. Stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder, become stimulated as
the bladder distends (this normally occurs when the bladder contains approximately 500mls
of urine).
C. Once stretch receptors have become stimulated, the smooth muscle of
the bladder relaxes.
3. With regards to the urethral sphincters
A. If both external and internal urethral sphincters are relaxed, urine
is ejected.
B. The external sphincter is relaxed under involuntary control.
C. If the external sphincter does not relax, the internal sphincter does
open and the bladder empties.
4. Which of the following statements are true?
A. The kidney filters approximately 150 litres of fluid from the blood
plasma each day.
B. The kidney filters 50 litres of fluid from the blood plasma each
minute.
C. The bladder can hold 0.5 litres of fluid without discomfort.
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Saliva
has several functions. These include:
A. Cleansing of the oral cavity.
B. Maintenance of pH preventing acid build up produced through bacterial
action.
C. The control of bacterial population.
2. What is the major types of movement in the small
intestine
A. Segmentation
B. Peristalsis
C. Haustral contractions
D. Mass movements
3. What are the names of the movements which occur in the
large intestine?
A. Segmentation
B. Peristalsis
C. Haustral contractions
D. Mass movements
4. Which of the following are true:
A. 500mls of food material enter the caecum daily.
B. Haustra are found in the small intestine.
D. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the large intestine.
E. Sodium, chloride and water are absorbed in the large intestine.
5. With regards to the large intestine:
A. The longer food residue remains in the large intestine, the greater
the quantity of water absorbed
B. It secretes an acidic mucus that facilitates stool passage through
the intestine
C. Stretch receptors of the rectal walls are stimulated as a result of
mass movements
D. Defecation occurs when relaxation of the smooth muscle of the
internal anal sphincter, and relaxation of the
skeletal muscle of the external anal
sphincter occurs
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