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| Basic Pharmacology | |||||||||||||||
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| Routes of administrationDrugs may act locally or systemically.
Locally implies that the effects of the drug are confined to a specific area. Systemically
means that the drug has to enter the vascular and lymphatic systems for delivery to body
tissues. The main route of administration to provide a local effect is topical, whilst
oral or parenteral administration of drugs are the main routes to provide a systemic
effect. Some topical drugs can, however, have systemic effects, especially if given in
large doses, in frequent doses or over a long period of time.
Topical administration Topical preparations may be applied to the skin, mouth, nose, oropharynx, cornea, ear, urethra, vagina or rectum. These preparations may be administered in a variety of forms including:
Oral administration This route of administration, which implies ‘by mouth’, is most commonly used. It tends to be convenient, simple and usually safe. Preparations may be in a solid form and include:
Other preparations may be provided in a liquid form and include:
Parenteral administration Parenteral administration of a drug refers to the giving of a preparation by any route other than the gastrointestinal tract, by which a drug is injected or infused. This, therefore, includes intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal and intraarticular routes. These sterile preparations are presented in ampules, vials, cartridges or large-volume containers. |
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